This answer is: . [14] Following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, Shackleton transferred to the troopship Tintagel Castle where, in March 1900, he met an army lieutenant, Cedric Longstaff, whose father Llewellyn W. Longstaff was the main financial backer of the National Antarctic Expedition then being organised in London. What did Ernest Shackleton accomplish on his expedition to Antarctica? (, Beardmore's help took the form of guaranteeing a loan at Clydesdale Bank, for 7,000 (2008 equivalent approx. It is likely that many debts were not pressed and were written off. Shackleton and his men have been the subject of much media fervor throughout the last century, and this latest flurry of Shackleton media comes more than two decades after the tale experienced. Ward-room caterer. The Shackletons came originally from Yorkshire. After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911, with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea, via the pole. Ernest Shackleton's Endurance expedition was the remarkable final chapter in the Heroic Age of Exploration. [15] On 17 February 1901, his appointment as third officer to the expedition's ship Discovery was confirmed; on 4 June he was commissioned into the Royal Navy, with the rank of sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve. Upon his death, he was lauded in the press but was thereafter largely forgotten, while the heroic reputation of his rival Scott was sustained for many decades. [105], On the following day, they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. A UK-led expedition to the Weddell Sea sent a sub to the . In January 1908 he returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition (190709). In 1901, Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by British naval officer Robert Falcon Scott on the ship 'Discovery'. Although the expedition failed, it would be remembered by generations as the greatest feat of survival in the history of exploration. This is the latest accepted revision . Devoted to creating a legacy, he led the Trans-Antarctic. [118] In the midst of seeking capital, his plans foundered when Northern Russia fell to Bolshevik control. [33] He was in a seriously weakened condition; Wilson's diary entry for 14 January reads: "Shackleton has been anything but up to the mark, and today he is decidedly worse, very short winded and coughing constantly, with more serious symptoms that need not be detailed here but which are of no small consequence one hundred and sixty miles from the ship". 77510). (equivalent to 32,306 in 2021[135]) which he bequeathed to his wife. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London . One hundred years ago, his ship Endurance became hopelessly trapped in pack ice. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. [132][133] Macklin wrote in his diary: "I think this is as 'the Boss' would have had it himself, standing lonely in an island far from civilisation, surrounded by stormy tempestuous seas, & in the vicinity of one of his greatest exploits. [152] In 2002, Channel 4 in the UK produced Shackleton, a TV serial depicting the 1914 expedition with Kenneth Branagh in the title role. Launched in August 1914, the expedition became one of the most famous survival stories of all time after . [31] All 22 dogs died during the march. This disparity continued into the 1950s. Nevertheless, in February 1907, Shackleton presented to the Royal Geographical Society his plans for an Antarctic expedition, the details of which, under the name British Antarctic Expedition, were published in the Royal Geographical Society's newsletter, Geographical Journal. After a period of rest and recuperation, rather than risk putting to sea again to reach the whaling stations on the northern coast, Shackleton decided to attempt a land crossing of the island. This book, as well as being a tribute to the explorer, was a practical effort to assist his family; Shackleton died some 40,000 in debt (equivalent to 2,323,748 in 2021[135])[138] A further initiative was the establishment of a Shackleton Memorial Fund, which was used to assist the education of his children and the support of his mother. In October 2015, Shackleton's decorations and medals were auctioned; the sale raised 585,000. April 24th 1916 - Shackleton and 5 others set off in the James Caird for South Georgia.Sir Ernest Shackleton, Endurance Voyage. All episodes. [9], From early childhood, Shackleton was a voracious reader, a pursuit which sparked a passion for adventure. What did Lord Davis do in the Antarctic? Tom Crean was in more immediate charge as head dog-handler. [51] Nimrod arrived at McMurdo Sound on 29 January, but was stopped by ice 16 miles (26km) north of Discovery's old base at Hut Point. November 1st 1915 - After an attempt to march with boats and sleds, "Ocean Camp" is established a mile and a half from the Endurance. Sir Ernest Shackleton Following the news that Roald Amudsen had become the first man to reach the South Pole, there was one great expedition left in Antarctica, to cross the continent on foot. Instead, he is a hero, the leader who saved his men on one of the most horrific voyages of exploration of the 20th century. On his return to England, Shackleton was knighted and was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. Updates? Captain Scott and Captain Shackleton: A 100 Year Old Expedition. Now it has been found.It was nearly 10,000 feet under the Weddell Sea. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton attended Dulwich College from 1887 until 1890. Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. Suffering from a heart condition, made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys, and too old to be conscripted, he nevertheless volunteered for the army. This group, despite many hardships, had carried out its depot-laying mission to the full, but three lives had been lost, including that of its commander, Aeneas Mackintosh.[111]. Shackleton's first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery expedition of 19011904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82S. After the darkness of the Antarctic winter, the return of the sun was a major event in 1915 . [12] His father was able to secure him a berth with the North Western Shipping Company, aboard the square-rigged sailing ship Hoghton Tower. [44] Shackleton by this time was making no secret of his ambition to return to Antarctica at the head of his own expedition. He became a farmer instead, settling in Kilkea. He was, as a shipmate recorded, "a departure from our usual type of young officer", content with his own company though not aloof, "spouting lines from Keats [and] Browning", a mixture of sensitivity and aggression but, withal, sympathetic. [40] On 9 April 1904, he married Emily Dorman, with whom he had three children: Raymond, Cecily, and Edward, himself an explorer and later a politician.[41]. 350,000), not through an outright gift. [124] The goals of the venture were imprecise, but a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and investigation of some "lost" sub-Antarctic islands, such as Tuanaki, were mentioned as objectives.[126]. Dying heavily in debt, Shackleton's small estate consisted of personal effects to the value of 556 2s. Some of the polar ships were built with a hull shape that allowed them to rise up if being crushed by pack ice. Shackleton and five others sailed 800 miles (1,300 km) to South Georgia in a whale boat, a 16-day journey across a stretch of dangerous ocean, before landing on the southern side of South Georgia. [143] This negative picture of Scott became accepted as the popular truth[144] as the kind of heroism that Scott represented fell victim to the cultural shifts of the late twentieth century. [116], Shackleton was specially appointed a temporary major on 22 July 1918. Earnest Shackleton first went to. Filchner had left Bremerhaven in May 1911; in December 1912, the news arrived from South Georgia that his expedition had failed. [115] He returned home in April 1918. They found that the Barrier Inlet had expanded to form a large bay, in which were hundreds of whales, which led to the immediate christening of the area as the Bay of Whales. Why is Shackleton a hero? There is a legend that Shackleton posted an advertisement which emphasised the hardship and danger of the voyage, so that he could better narrow down and select candidates for his expedition, but no record of any such advertisement has survived and its existence is considered doubtful. But it's also a terrific story . [21] Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. His first three attempts were foiled by sea ice, which blocked the approaches to the island. [37], In search of more permanent employment, Shackleton applied for a regular commission in the Royal Navy, via the back-door route of the Supplementary List,[39] but despite the sponsorship of Markham and William Huggins, the president of the Royal Society, he was not successful. Transcript. [162] This expedition was made into a documentary film,[163] screening as Chasing Shackleton on PBS in the US, and Shackleton: Death or Glory elsewhere on the Discovery Channel. [149] In Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Outward Bound" principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything". [a][30] The journey was marred by the poor performance of the dogs, whose food had become tainted, and who rapidly fell sick. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. [94] By 17 March, their ice camp was within 60 miles (97km) of Paulet Island;[95] however, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it. Sadly, the expedition was a complete failure. At his wife's request, he was buried there. When explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew set out for Antarctica on the Endurance in 1914, they had no idea their journey would become one of history's greatest epics of survival. None survived the brutal journey home. By early 1912, the world was aware that the pole had been conquered, by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen. To this end, he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 19141917. Although it is likely that Norwegian whalers had previously crossed at other points on ski, no one had attempted this particular route before. [136] Lady Shackleton survived her husband by 14 years, dying in 1936. In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Greatest Britons", Shackleton was ranked 11th while Scott was down in 54th place. In August,1914, Ernest Shackleton led a team to Antarctica. In the early hours of the next morning, Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin,[129] to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. He planned to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was trapped in ice off the Caird coast and drifted for 10 months before being crushed in the pack ice. 2 . For that reason, he was. What did John King Davis do? An extended search for an anchorage at King Edward VII Land proved equally fruitless, so Shackleton was forced to break his undertaking to Scott and set sail for McMurdo Sound, a decision which, according to second officer Arthur Harbord, was "dictated by common sense" in view of the difficulties of ice pressure, coal shortage and the lack of any nearer known base. [64][65] He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a gold medal; a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. Repeatedly requesting posting to the front in France,[112] he was by now drinking heavily. [16][17] Although officially on leave from Union-Castle, this was in fact the end of Shackleton's Merchant Navy service. [33], After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. Shackleton's fellow-explorers expressed their admiration; Roald Amundsen wrote, in a letter to RGS Secretary John Scott Keltie, that "the English nation has by this deed of Shackleton's won a victory that can never be surpassed". Ernest Shackleton, in full Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, (born February 15, 1874, Kilkea, County Kildare, Irelanddied January 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia), Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. Shackleton was not deterred by his failed attempt with Endurance. In a Christie's auction in London in 2011, a biscuit that Shackleton gave "a starving fellow traveller" on the 19071909 Nimrod expedition sold for 1250. [68] The heroism was also claimed by Ireland: the Dublin Evening Telegraph's headline read "South Pole Almost Reached by an Irishman",[68] while the Dublin Express spoke of the "qualities that were his heritage as an Irishman".[68]. [90], Until this point, Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. Getty Images Ernest Shackleton's ship, Endurance, trapped in ice. Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. His exertions in raising funds to finance his expeditions and the immense strain of the expeditions themselves were believed to have worn out his strength. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Meanwhile, a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent. He later denied Scott's claim in The Voyage of the Discovery, that he had been carried on the sledge. Because he wanted to get from one side of the continent to the other. A supporting party, the Ross Sea party led by A.E. It's probably fair to say that adventurer Ernest Shackleton's attempt to cross the 2,000-mile Antarctic continent in 1914 was a successful failure. He appealed to the Chilean government, which offered the use of the Yelcho, a small seagoing tug from its navy. Shackleton and his party set fire to the camp to signal the ship, which received the signal and returned to the camp a few days later, successfully retrieving them. The third option was chosen. [48], On 1 January 1908, the Nimrod set off on the British Antarctic Expedition from Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand. Timeline and Map. [47], On 4 August 1907, Shackleton was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th Class (MVO; the present-day grade of lieutenant). The fate of Scott's expedition was not then known. [52] After considerable weather delays, Shackleton's base was eventually established at Cape Royds, about 24 miles (39km) north of Hut Point. [131] Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill, was published. They sailed from London on Friday, August 1, 1914, and anchored off Southend all Saturday. At the age of thirteen, he entered Dulwich College. He was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. [128] He refused a proper medical examination, so Quest continued south, and on 4 January 1922, arrived at South Georgia. Where did Ernest Shackleton attend school? The Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917 . [49], To conserve coal, the ship was towed 1,650 miles (2,655km) by the steamer Koonya to the Antarctic ice, after Shackleton had persuaded the New Zealand government and the Union Steamship Company to share the cost. [e][74], Any future resumption by Shackleton of the quest for the South Pole depended on the results of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which left from Cardiff in July 1910. Why did Shackleton go to Antarctica? Shackleton received a message saying the King would not be able to go. Like many great tales, Shackleton's story is one of failure. Unqualified as a diplomat, he was unsuccessful in persuading Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the Allied side. Leaving McNish, Vincent and McCarthy at the landing point on South Georgia, Shackleton travelled 32 miles (51km)[97] with Worsley and Crean over extremely dangerous mountainous terrain for 36hours to reach the whaling station at Stromness on 20 May. [150], Shackleton's death marked the end of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, a period of discovery characterised by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication. The "Great Southern Journey",[54] as Frank Wild called it, began on 29 October 1908. [88], On 24 February, realising that she would be trapped until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the abandonment of ship's routine and her conversion to a winter station. An Anglo-Irish adventurer, he became a pivotal figure in the era later characterised as the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", thanks to the laudable and ambitious . They set sail again on New Year's Day, 1908. [169], "Shackleton" redirects here. Over a century after it sank to the depths of the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica, the lost ship of Anglo Irish explorer Ernest Shackleton has been found. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton, Historic UK - Sir Ernest Shackleton and Endurance, Dictionary of Irish Biography - Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, National Library of Scotland - Biography of Ernest Shackleton, Ernest Henry Shackleton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ernest Shackleton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ernest Shackleton's South Pole expedition, British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The attitudes of his men were a point of emphasis in leading his men back to safety. Scott's . [38] With Sir Clements Markham's blessing, he accepted a temporary post assisting the outfitting of the Terra Nova for the second Discovery relief operation, but turned down the offer to sail with her as chief officer. LONDON, Feb. 5, 2010 -- Whisky bottles belonging to the . [140] A statue of Shackleton designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger was unveiled at the Royal Geographical Society's Kensington headquarters in 1932,[141] but public memorials to Shackleton were relatively few. Omissions? [15], Shackleton used his acquaintance with the son to obtain an interview with Longstaff senior, with a view to obtaining a place on the expedition. He attempted a fourth Antarctic expedition, called the Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic Expedition, aboard the Quest in 1921, which had the goal of circumnavigating the continent. Throughout the ordeal, not one of Shackletons crew of the Endurance died. Ernest Shackleton testified at the Titanic inquiry. John King Davis was one of the most renowned captains in Antarctic exploration. Shackleton's mother, Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, was descended from the Fitzmaurice family. 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