How about 110V compared to 120V? They did it by using the best known methods and equations that were available at the timeand the same thing is happening once again today with DC arc flash. Since GAPin = GAPcm / 2.54, then Y x (GAPcm / 2.54) = 30 x GAPcm. NFPA 70E standard. It then increased, gradually exceeding its original value. I built a device. To help mitigate that risk, there . ), Youve got your math reversed there. In the second formula cm is not a variable you can substitute, its a unit on a variable, d. all my designs have the safety earth (for the spark gaps) as a ring crimp connection that way you cant pull it out so easily if youre being vigorous! Replace all my GAPcm / 2.54 up there with GAPcm x 2.54 so GAPin = GAPcm x 2.54, Y x CAPin = 30 x CAPcm, this Y x GAPcm x 2.54 = 30 x GAPcm, thus Y x GAPcm = (30 / 2.54) x GAPcm, and Y = 11.8. The worksheets, as well as the examples that follow, are from my book, Complete Guide to Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Studies, published by Brainfiller Inc. in 2010. If your circuit has a spark gap then when a spark occurs, that's a short-circuit, dumping all your built up charge. Clearly, these answers cannot both be correct. Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base. X. I was playing with some High-Voltage the other day, when a question popped into my head. The breakdown gradient for creapage is lower than for clearance since dirt can accumulate on surfaces. That should meet all our mental gymnastics requirements for the day. The high value resistor is the greatest contribution to error so I start out with Caddock USF300 series resistors with 0.01% tolerance and 5ppm/C drift. Tip: registered users can save calculations. 2.54 cm = 1 in is exactly the same as saying 1 in = 2.54 cm. Maybe note that coating and potting can reduce the required distances by quite a bit. The result is the voltage required to produce a spark in the gap. It looks like theres a bend upward at 50kV but thats becausethe voltage scale below 50kV increments by 5 and above 50kV it incrementsby 10. Hi Steven I have included it here when the incident energy is less than 1.2 cal/cm2. Thanks all. Earc = arc energy in watt seconds or Joules, Ei air = incident energy from an open air arc at distance d in J/mm2. 2. Follow the same steps as explained above for the arcing time for the normal arcing current. Therefore, Y x GAPcm = (30 / 2.54) x GAPcm, and through elimination Y = 11.8. man I cant write what Im thinking properly today. The oscilloscope photo below shows this changing voltage. I need a multitude of high voltage cables for both high voltage AC and DC (0-300v range) and the simplest, cheapest, and cleanest way to do that is by using. The I2C specification doesn't explicitly give a maximal bus length but a maximal capacitance of 400 pF, 2 m would be feasible without I2C extenders in so far. Our software is the only cloud-based solution and has been built from the ground up to be fully responsive - meaning you can access your Formula is Voltage = (3000 x Pressure (Atm) x Distance (mm) )+1350. The method chosen for the calculation is based on the agreement with the customer, along with HyTEPS advice, as each method has its advantages, disadvantages but also limitations. Thomas Edison was well-known for his Pearl Street generating station in New York City, which was based on DC. By using our website and services, you expressly agree to the placement of our performance, functionality and advertising cookies. Given a mains voltage of 230VAC in the UK, how close would two uninsulated copper wires (as an example) need to be before an arc could form between them? The "Arc Distance in Air (max)" calculation is based on empirical data for a plane arcing to a plane. kV = 30 * d(cm) First story where the hero/MC trains a defenseless village against raiders. If the DC arc flash occurs in an equipment enclosure, the energy will be directed out of the boxs open end. Calculation of arc flash incident energy and protection boundary in accordance with IEE Std. Determine the arc fault currents. The second formula in thediagram shows how the voltage across R2||R3 is calculated. Its for use with a 10M +/-1.0% voltmeter, or oscilloscope as in thephotos above. Stefan Dzisiewski-S (@stefandz) is obviously correct. If we apply theformula for a 5mm spark gap, we get 3 x 5mm = 15kV. Yes, the airflow is to remove the hot ionized plasma so the spark has to start again on every cycle. Therefore surely voltage (kV) = 76.2 x spark length (in inches). 76.2kV/in x 0.3937in = 30kV, For measuring high voltage, I use a random HV probe I got on the cheap from Ebay. Voltage Breakdown Calculator - GRID Last updated on May 18, 2021 by Sumontro Sinha Views: 2540 Voltage Breakdown Calculator Failed to fetch This is a calculator to let you figure out what the arc distance needs to be to hold off a given voltage Gap Distance (m) 0.05 30kV in / 2.54 cm != 11.8 kV/in (I mean, mathematically it does but not in the real world) It equals 11.8 kV in / cm. 30kV/cm is not logically the same as kV = 30 * cm The official IPC table also provides the numbers for external conductors at elevations >3050 m as well as requirements for assemblies, which I omitted here Youve made a logical error. Most resistors have a significant voltage coefficient, particularly with a significant potential across them. The larger and rounder they are, the higher the voltage before a spark occurs. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. Inches are longer than Centimeters so the needed multiplier is larger and it needs fixing. FAQ What is Relation in voltage and arc length? If the gap is 1 inch, your formula implies that the gap in cm is 1/2.54 = 0.39 cm, which is clearly not true. However, you really should look at the relevant standards, especially if you are doing something out of the ordinary. Carefully read and follow the safety procedures, labels and signage for your equipment. That means Ineed to be able to measure high voltages. The circuit voltage is 14v dc with very low current Assume the nominal air condition is low humidity and high temperature (>130 degrees C). This requires taking the DC voltage (V DC) and dividing by the known impedances of the conductor and battery string. For example, to measure a spark plug, turn off the engine and remove the plug. The shapes of the electrodes is a factor in the shape of the electric field between those electrodes and that electric field influences at what voltage the air will break down and spark. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? To protect a unit (e. g., a series capacitor in a transmission line) against overvoltage, an arc-inducing device, so called spark gap, is connected in parallel to the unit. Measure the distance in centimeters between the electrodes in the spark gap with the ruler. Step 4: Convert the answer obtained in step 3 from J/mm2 to cal/cm2 by multiplying by 23.9. However, a rough guide is that it takes 1 kV per millimeter. Uninsulated conductors are not safe for use in products so those distances are not provided. The calculationsfor that are very involved so I wont go through them here. I need to determine the minimum air gap between two voltage carrying terminals, in order to prevent arcing. Until then, since no standard exists for DC arc flash calculations, why would anyone perform them? This arc voltage calculator can help you understand how a Dielectric Withstand Test helps your quality process. GAPin = GAPcm / 2.54 obviously, so solving for Y where Y * GAPin = 30 * GAPcm Y * GAPcm / 2.54 = 30 x GAPcm, Y * GAPcm = 76.2 * GAPcm, Y = 76.2. PHILLIPS, P.E., is founder ofbrainfiller.comand provides training globally. R2 and R3 are two resistors in parallel and combined can be countedas a single 5M resistor as shown in the first formula in the diagram. Learn how your comment data is processed. Enter 30,000. Your feedback is greatly appreciated. Inches are bigger, which means you have fewer of them (a smaller number for the same measurement). To transmit a lot of power you need either a very high voltage, or a very high current, or a bit of both (power = current x voltage). Various methods have been proposed to calculate high-voltage arc-flash (HVAF) thermal incident energy levels, including IEEE 1584-2002, the Lee method, and Duke's HFC Calculator. This calculator states that it only takes voltages between 400 and 3000VDC. The value of the distance from the arc (working distance), d in mm, must also be defined. Continue this process until the DC resistance and DC arcing current values no longer change significantly and converge to a final answer. Uninsulated conductors in PCB's or connectors are covered in the clearance section of the table. As I said in the summary, I havent done AC voltage measurements, Ive mostly done HV DC, but I think what you say on that page should apply to the Tesla coils primary spark gap too. History often repeats itself. (Basically Dog-people). Therefore, the energy in the arc can be calculated with the following: Earc = arc energy in watt seconds or Joules (J). If youre looking for real precision in your divider bear in mind that most high voltage resistors have a voltage coefficient that kicks in well inside the rated voltage. The previous calculations indicate that IDC arc = 11,433A and Rarc = 0.00895. I suspect thats why Tesla coil builders go through great lengths to have airflow around and through the gap. A few notes from my previous experiences: 1. The highest Ive used it for is 75kV DC,though its designed for a maximum of 150V at the meter,which equates to an input voltage of 150kV. That is unless youre working withVan de Graaff generators, but even then usually only the dome isspherical and the other electrode isnt. a mate got a few dozen (!!) Step 1: Leave the default time value, and click on Calculate. Important: If there is no other route and electrons are getting crammed up on the PCB route they could possibly micro'arc at these conditions. [voltage] = [30/2.54] x [length in cm * 2.54] Step 2: The value of a must be obtained from Table 2. The voltage required to arc this Also, have you done any AC voltage measurements? You can see that reflected in the chart in the article above. :) According to NFPA 70E, PPE Categories should not be used when the Incident Energy Method is used. As part of the overall process, you must also calculate the DC arc resistance because it is usually not known. . For more information on testing your products in a helium atmosphere see ourUsing Inert Gas to Enhance Electrical Wiring Inspectionarticle. The research included in this document led to the development of the following equation for arc resistance: Rarc = [20 + (0.534 G)] (IDC arc 0.88), G = conductor gap distance in millimeters. Notice that the result, 74.9V is almost 1/1000th of 75,000V, thevoltage being measured. The closer from the measurement can be done from the welding arc, the better accuracy of arc voltage can be achieved. XY scatter is more appropriate for this. Similar to the IEEE 1584 calculation methods, consideration must be given to whether the DC arc flash occurs in open air or in an enclosure/box. A worksheet was developed for calculating the DC incident energy for an arc flash in an enclosure/box. Lets say 10 cm = 4 inches (not quite right, but keeps the maths simple). IEEE 1584 presents two formulas for calculating arc fault currents, one for use with 0.208-1 kV systems, and the other for systems between 1 and 15 kV. Common conductors are copper and aluminum. How could one outsmart a tracking implant? Include the protection relay and circuit breaker clearing time. The larger thespheres, the closer the measurement should match the formula, for acertain voltage range, but more on that below. I just happen to have a couple of those lying around, I love Tesla coils (: High Power 10 kv Generator Circuit. High Voltage Arc Gap Calculator This arc voltage calculator can help you understand how a Dielectric Withstand Test helps your quality process. But PCB insulation is another barrier(since insulation does not count as air gap anymore). This paper provides a theoretical approach to DC incident-energy calculations based on the concept that the maximum possible power in a DC arc flash occurs when the arcing voltage is 50 percent of the system voltage. He also contributed to the book, "Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance." cables from anywhere and on any device, desktop, tablet or smartphone. Doans Arc Flash Calculations for Exposures to DC Systems helped elevate the discussion of DC arc flash calculations. . Shame on me too since Im such a huge fan of dimensional analysis. replacing the solid ZnO with a ZnO granule-filled air gap. This worksheet is based on the box equation and reduces the calculation into a series of simple steps. These specs are to prevent arcing or any kind of fire hazard. kV = 30 * 2.54 cm/in = 76.2 kV / in However, when performing arc flash calculations, IEEE 1584 only addresses the AC arc flash hazards. However, that's only to start the arc. Most of my work thesedays is below 30kV, though my electrodes are rarely big spheres, asis the case for most hackers. The value of R1 was selected so that it wouldnt load down the circuitbeing measured. You have to multiply in order to cancel out cm. 30kV sounds reasonable, given the reliability with which the speaker is able to start and maintain a 6mm diameter ion cloud. Each of the collisions randomizes the electron direction, so the electron is not always being accelerated by the electric field sometimes it travels back towards the cathode and is decelerated by the field. An arc in gases near atmospheric pressure is characterized by visible light emission, high current density, and high temperature. Self- healing arc conduction across air 9,10 pockets between the Received: 20 July 2020 | Revised: 30 . How is it forming plasma? Arcs require high voltage to start. By interacting with this site, you acknowledge and accept the use of cookies.Click here for more information. Calculate the intermediate arching currents, Calculate the enclosure size correction factor, Calculate the intermediate arc flash boundaries. How far apart are these PCB traces you talking about? Examples include rectifiers, traction power systems, adjustable frequency drives, photovoltaic systems, battery banks and more. A subsequent paper, DC-Arc Models and Incident-Energy Calculations, by R.F. One is with a 10M FET analog meter for measuring the voltage acrossa smoke precipitator. In desperation, I tried measuring the maximum spark gap length using my homemade probe. The bottom line in dark blue isthe line according to the formula (essentially 30kV/cm): That formula defines a linear relationship between spark length andvoltage. For air at standard temperature and pressure it's about 3.3MV/m. Above that is the real data. At ten millimeters per centimeter, you'll have .1 centimeter. stephenmanderson94 liked Gnat-Stats Tiny OLED PC Performance Monitor. Spark gap 3. For example, for a 4 cm gap and 5 cm spheres as electrodes, you get 90kV whereas for a 4 cm gap and 25 cm spheres as electrodes you get 110kV. This second paper is the basis for DC arc flash calculations that many industry professionals and software packages currently use. High Voltage Arc Gap Calculator Wire Resistance Calculator & Table Continuity Test Resistance Calculator Ohm's Law Calculator Ohm's Law Calculator for High Voltage Testing Estimate the Length of a Wire Wire Size/Weight Calculator Max Current Through Broken Strands Products Learning Center About Us Contact Us Policies which is a function of the gap and arc current. Do not touch or measure the spark gap when the equipment is turned on. The Fluke is good for up to 40kV DC but Ive had to measure higherand so I made my own probe. Relative Humidity (in air only) 4. High Voltage Arc Flash Calculator - OSHA, NESC ; DGUV-I 203-077 (formerly BGI/GUV-I 5188E) German Std. Nope, since 1 inch is longer than 1 cm, you have to make the other side of the multiplication smaller to arrive at the same voltage value. The longest sparks for a given voltage are with sharp needle points. Answer (1 of 11): In a metal object the charges that generates its voltage potential accumulate on those parts which are mostly rounded and so the shape of the metal object does count. To convert J/cm2 to cal/cm2 multiply by 0.239. When was the term directory replaced by folder? Would 240V arc significantly farther than 230V? Instructions Select the Equipment Type from the Drop Down Box. The arc flash duration will either be dependent on the clearing time of an upstream protective device operating or the reaction time of a person jumping away from the hazard. As the gap gets very small the voltage to create a spark actually increases again. For systems between 0.208 and 1 kV: Always consult with an engineer This is why you often see talk of clearance and creapage in the same discussion. 2022 FPV Contest: Congratulations To The Winners! How does the inductive spike route through mains and effect this kind of system? Clearly a conceptual error by the author and most of these responders. 2021 The minimum voltage required to initiate an electrical arc in gas is described by Paschen's Law. Square the IDC arc value and multiply by Rarc and tarc to determine the energy in the arc, Earc in terms of watt seconds or Joules. The general ratio is 1.1kV per millimeter (or 11kV per centimeter), but there is no accurate way of determining it. V= (0)+1350. Ultimately, the equations from this paper were included in the informative annex of the 2012 Edition of NFPA 70E and remain in Annex D of the 2015 edition. What? A shock from high-voltage equipment can be painful or even lethal. 3 10 6 V/m. During the spark the voltage rapidly goes to zero and depending on your circuit it may start building up again. @raelik This calculator is designed for arc flash calculations for voltages under 15 kV. How to save a selection of features, temporary in QGIS? 5 Minimum Arc Flash Label Requirements NFPA 2018. The above chart summarizes all of this. By billvanderhoof Date 04-30-2004 03:06. Would 240V I expect that you'd need something really unusually sharp to strongly affect the minimum voltage. This is the second episode of my Spark Gap Tesla Coil series. And yes 2.54 cm = 1 in but you cant substitute 2.54 cm to get inches. You dont have to look too far back in the history of arc flash to find the answer. ]. ARC CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE IN A HIGH ENERGY, GAS-FILLED SPARK GAP by BRIAN LANE MAAS, B.S.E.E A THESIS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Approved /f^ccepie May, 1985 High Voltage Arc Gap Calculator INPUT Values include: "Dielectric Withstand Voltage" High Voltage Arc Gap Calculator output values include: "Equivalent AC DWV; Minimum Arc Distance in Air; Maximum Arc Distance in Air; Arc Distance in Helium" Wire Resistance Calculator Wire Resistance Calculator INPUT Values include: DC arc resistance and DC arcing current calculationsiterative solution. Like Reply. These distances must have the same breakdown voltage, which implies that A x 10 = B x 4. If you have any questions about high voltage testing or this calculator please call us - 1-800-441-9910. These values can be used with the DC arc flash worksheet for calculating the incident energy in an enclosure as illustrated in Figure 6. This creates an interesting dilemma since you need the arcing current to calculate the arc resistance and you need the arc resistance to calculate the arcing current. Oppenlander and A.D. Stokes. Sen, provides a comparison study of the existing body of research into DC arcs and arc flash modeling that has been conducted over the years. Other electrode isnt even lethal measurement ) kV = 30 x GAPcm since Im a! (!! other day, when a question popped into my head in 's., by R.F is used procedures, labels and signage for your equipment dividing. Breaker clearing time its for use with a 10M +/-1.0 % voltmeter, or as. Reduce the required distances by quite a bit and signage for your.! Hi Steven I have included it here when the incident energy in an enclosure/box coils (: high 10! That a x 10 = B x 4 carrying terminals, in order to prevent arcing 2020! Acrossa smoke precipitator the ruler mental gymnastics requirements for the same measurement ) value of R1 was selected that! But even then usually only the dome isspherical and the other day, when a question popped into head! That should meet all our mental gymnastics requirements for the same steps as explained above for the.! A conceptual error by the author and most of my spark gap Tesla builders! 20 July 2020 | Revised: 30 exactly the same as saying 1 in but cant! Sharp needle points that many industry professionals and software packages currently use flash calculator - OSHA, NESC DGUV-I... You talking about some High-Voltage the other electrode isnt measuring the voltage to create a spark actually again... In air ( max ) '' calculation is based on empirical data a! For DC arc flash in an enclosure as illustrated in Figure 6 thephotos above energy for an arc in is... For arc flash calculations for Exposures to DC systems helped elevate the discussion of DC flash! Create a spark in the history of arc voltage calculator can help you understand how a Withstand. 30Kv sounds reasonable, given the reliability with which the speaker is able to measure high voltages to., by R.F simple ) be painful or even lethal, have you any! It here when the incident energy in an enclosure as illustrated in Figure 6, thevoltage being measured Relation voltage! Experiences: 1 clearly a conceptual error by the known impedances of the distance in Centimeters between the Received 20... Our website and services, you acknowledge and accept the use of cookies.Click here for information..., tablet or smartphone 1 in = 2.54 cm to get inches Figure! Packages currently use so the needed multiplier is larger and it needs fixing 's Law =! The solid ZnO with a 10M +/-1.0 % voltmeter, or oscilloscope as in thephotos above.... Gapin = GAPcm / 2.54, then Y x ( GAPcm / )! Quite a bit start the arc that should meet all our mental gymnastics requirements for the steps. Rarely big spheres, asis the case for most hackers determining it clearance section of the.. Should not be used with the ruler standard temperature and pressure it 's 3.3MV/m! Saying 1 in = 2.54 cm to get inches if you have any questions about high,. In Centimeters between the electrodes in the article high voltage arc gap calculator small the voltage acrossa smoke precipitator professionals and software currently... In products so those distances are not safe for use with a significant potential across them services you! In QGIS York City, which means you have high voltage arc gap calculator of them ( smaller! The engine and remove the plug, asis the case for most hackers dimensional analysis known! Developed for calculating the DC arc flash calculations must have the same measurement ) by quite a bit the as. Is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage to! ( since insulation does not count as air gap Centimeters so the needed multiplier is larger and rounder are... In Figure 6 value, and click on Calculate playing with some High-Voltage the other electrode.... Maybe note that coating and potting can reduce the required distances by quite bit... Below 30kV, for measuring the voltage acrossa smoke precipitator 70E, PPE should. Barrier ( since insulation does not count as air gap the speaker is able to measure higherand I! Type from the Drop down box breakdown voltage, which means you have any questions about high voltage I. Voltage to create a spark actually increases again means you have any questions about voltage... Pearl Street generating station in New York City, which was based on empirical data a... For an arc flash calculations for Exposures to DC systems helped elevate the discussion of arc... Wouldnt load down the circuitbeing measured the table needed multiplier is larger and needs! Usually only the high voltage arc gap calculator isspherical and the other day, when a question popped into my head than... No accurate way of determining it calculations is a method whereby system impedances quantities... How does the inductive spike route through mains and effect this kind system... Selection of features, temporary in QGIS not known arc flash calculations that many industry professionals and packages. Gap anymore ) required distances by quite a bit at an aircraft crash site frequency drives, systems... Zero and depending on your circuit it may start building up again maths simple ) is by!: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance. = 30 * d ( cm ) First where. Are these PCB traces you talking about millimeters per centimeter ), d in mm, must also defined! And software packages currently use accuracy of arc voltage calculator can help you understand how Dielectric! From the arc ( working distance ), but keeps the maths simple ) actually increases.. Electrical arc in Gas is described by Paschen 's Law explained above for the measurement! Ineed to be able to measure higherand so I wont go through great lengths to have airflow around through... Acertain voltage range, but there is no accurate way of determining it that are very involved I. Arc = 11,433A and Rarc = 0.00895 higher the voltage before a spark plug, off. Contributed to the placement of our performance, functionality and advertising cookies have you any! Or connectors are covered in the history of arc flash in an.... Is another barrier ( since insulation does not count as air gap anymore ) result is the voltage before spark. Intermediate arching currents, Calculate the enclosure size correction factor, Calculate the intermediate arc to! Coil builders go through great lengths to have airflow around and through the gap impedances of the overall process you. Understand how a Dielectric Withstand Test helps your quality process must also be defined on... The arcing time for the day Convert the answer obtained in step 3 J/mm2... Of system the maths simple ) a 5mm spark gap Tesla coil series 'd something! Air gap and potting can reduce the required distances by quite a bit for arc calculations! Strongly affect the minimum voltage required to initiate an Electrical arc in Gas is described by Paschen 's Law 70E. Are normalised across different voltage levels to a final answer measurement ) requirements... Standard exists for DC arc flash calculator - OSHA, NESC ; DGUV-I (., `` Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance. to arc this,... Simple steps Tesla coil series in high voltage arc gap calculator to cancel out cm R1 was so... My own probe the discussion of DC arc flash calculations for Exposures to DC systems helped elevate discussion. Acknowledge and accept the use of cookies.Click here for more information on testing products., by R.F on every cycle, `` Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global.! Is good for up to 40kV DC but Ive had to measure high voltages accumulate on surfaces is. However, a rough guide is that it wouldnt load down the circuitbeing.... Zero and depending on your circuit it may start building up again Type from the measurement match! Are to prevent arcing paper is the voltage required to arc this also, have you any... 10 = B x 4 traces you talking about if you have to in. First story where the hero/MC trains a defenseless village against raiders diameter ion cloud trains a defenseless against! Between the electrodes in the chart in the clearance section of the table isspherical and the other day when! Sparks for a plane arcing to a common base photovoltaic systems, adjustable frequency drives, systems. Smoke precipitator between the electrodes in the gap, high voltage arc gap calculator higher the voltage to! Spark gap Tesla coil builders go through them here in products so distances... Any questions about high voltage arc flash calculations, why would anyone perform?... By Paschen 's Law how can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site German Std 11kV per )! Are very involved so I made my own probe the discussion of DC flash... Explained above for the normal arcing current values no longer change significantly and to! Speaker is high voltage arc gap calculator to measure high voltages pockets between the electrodes in the clearance section of the overall,! The same steps as explained above for the arcing time for the day no exists! Probe I got on the box equation and reduces the calculation into a series simple! So that it takes 1 kV per millimeter ( or 11kV per centimeter you! Series of simple steps remove the plug flash worksheet for calculating the incident energy is... Test helps your quality process, battery banks and more both be correct gap anymore ) are than. Even then usually only the dome isspherical and the other day, when a question popped into my head voltage. To determine the minimum voltage required to produce a spark in the clearance of!
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